The kris consists of three parts; blade ( wilah), hilt ( hulu) and sheath ( warangka) Type Place of origin, Service history In service,,,,,,,,,,, present day Used by (mainly & originally) * Also familiar to,,,,,,,,, Wars,,,,,,,,,, Production history Produced disputed (?) to present Variants Specifications type Double edged or type, bone, horn, wooden or metals. Sometimes coated with or and decorated with / Wooden frame covered and decorated with ivory or metals (gold, silver, copper, iron, brass, or steel) This article contains letters from the.

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Without proper, you may see instead of. The kris (ngoko: ꦏꦼꦫꦶꦱ꧀; krama inggil: ꦮꦁꦏꦶꦔꦤ꧀; ngoko: keris; krama; dhuwung; krama inggil: wangkingan, lit. 'to slice';: کريس,: กริช kris,: karih,: kalis; and: sele) is an asymmetrical dagger with distinctive blade-patterning achieved through alternating laminations of iron and nickelous iron ( pamor). While most strongly associated with the the kris is also indigenous to,,, and the where it is known as with variants existing as a sword rather than a dagger. The kris is famous for its distinctive wavy blade, although many have straight blades as well. Kris have been produced in many regions of for centuries, but nowhere—although the island of comes close—is the kris so embedded in a mutually-connected whole of ritual prescriptions and acts, ceremonies, mythical backgrounds and epic poetry as in.

As a result, in Indonesia the kris is commonly associated with, although other ethnicities are familiar with the weapon as part of their culture, such as the,,,,,,,, and. A kris can be divided into three parts: blade ( bilah or wilah), hilt ( hulu), and sheath ( warangka). These parts of the kris are objects of art, often carved in meticulous detail and made from various materials: metal, precious or rare types of wood, or gold or ivory.

A kris's aesthetic value covers the dhapur (the form and design of the blade, with around 60 variants), the pamor (the pattern of metal alloy decoration on the blade, with around 250 variants), and tangguh referring to the age and origin of a kris. Depending on the quality and historical value of the kris, it can fetch thousands of dollars or more. Both a weapon and spiritual object, kris are often considered to have an essence or presence, considered to possess magical powers, with some blades possessing good luck and others possessing bad. Kris are used for display, as with magical powers, weapons, a sanctified heirloom ( ), auxiliary equipment for court soldiers, an accessory for ceremonial dress, an indicator of social status, a symbol of heroism, etc. Legendary kris that possess supernatural power and extraordinary ability were mentioned in traditional folktales, such as those of Empu Gandring,, and Setan Kober. In 2005, gave the title to the kris of Indonesia. In return, UNESCO urged Indonesia to preserve their heritage.

Contents • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Etymology [ ] The word kris derives from the term ngiris (: ꦔꦶꦫꦶꦱ꧀) which means to slice, wedge or sliver. 'Kris' is the more frequently used spelling in the, but 'keris' is more popular in the dagger's native lands, as exemplified by the late Bambang Harsrinuksmo's popular book entitled Ensiklopedi Keris (Kris Encyclopedia).

Two notable exceptions are the where it is usually called or kris, and where it is always spelled kris and pronounced either as kris or krit. In the dialect the word is kareh. Other spellings used by colonists include 'cryse', 'crise', 'criss', 'kriss' and 'creese.' History [ ] Origin [ ].

Kris blacksmith's workshop depicted in 15th century. However, ' (1817) study of the states that the kris recognized today came into existence around 1361 AD in the kingdom of,. The scene in bas relief of Sukuh Temple in, dated from 15th century Majapahit era, shows the workshop of a Javanese keris blacksmith. The scene depicted as the blacksmith on the left forging the metal, in the center, and on the right operating the piston bellows to blow air into the furnace. The wall behind the blacksmith displays various items manufactured in the forge, including kris. These representations of the kris in the Candi Sukuh established the fact that by the year 1437 the kris had already gained an important place within Javanese culture.

In —a record about 's expedition (1405–1433)— describes that 'all men in, from the king to commoners, from a boy aged three to elders, slipped pu-la-t'ou ( belati or more precisely kris dagger) in their belts. The daggers are made entirely of steel with intricate motifs smoothly drawn. The handles are made of gold, rhino's horn or ivory carved with a depiction of human or demon; the carving works are exquisite and skillfully made.' This Chinese account also reported that public execution by stabbing using this type of dagger is common. Majapahit knows no caning for major or minor punishment. They tied the guilty men's hands in the back with rattan rope and paraded them for a few paces, and then stabbed the offender one or two times in the back on the gap between the floating ribs, which resulted in severe bleeding and instant death. The exhibited at the Amsterdam Museum of the Tropics.

Currently, the is the oldest known surviving kris in the world. Given to Charles Knaud, a Dutch physician, by in the 19th century Yogyakarta in Java, the kris is on display at the, Amsterdam. The kris bears the date of 1264 Saka (which correspondends to 1342 CE) in its iron blade. Scientists suspect that due to its special features the kris might be even older, but was decorated during Majapahit period to celebrate an important event. The kris bears scenes from the on an unusual thin copper layer which partially covers it.

Development and distribution [ ] Although the people of Southeast Asia were already familiar with this type of stabbing weapon, the development of the kris most probably took place in Java, Indonesia. The spread of the kris to other nations such as Thailand, Malaysia and the Philippines, experts say, was credited to the growing influence of the Empire in Java around the year 1492. The canto XVII, a manuscript dated from Saka 1440 or 1518 AD, describes the kris as the weapon of kings, while the is the weapon of farmers.

There exist claims of earlier forms predating the Majapahit kris but none are verifiable. In the past, the majority of kris had straight blades but this became less frequent over time., in the early 16th century, describes the importance of the kris to the Javanese. Every man in, whether he is rich or poor, must have a kris in his house. And no man between the ages of 12 and 80 may go out of doors without a kris in his belt.

They carry them at the back, as daggers used to be in Portugal. —Tome Pires, Suma Oriental While it is commonly believed that kris were the primary weapons wielded by fighters in the past, they were actually carried by warriors as a secondary armament if they lost their main weapon, which was usually a spear. For commoners however, kris were worn on a daily basis, especially when travelling because it might be needed for self-defense. During times of peace, people wore kris as part of ceremonial attire.

Ceremonial kris were often meticulously decorated with intricate carving in gold and precious stones. Heirloom blades were handed down through successive generations and worn during special events such as weddings and other ceremonies.

Men usually wore only one kris but the famous admiral is said in the Hikayat Hang Tuah to have armed himself with one short and one long kris. Women also wore kris, though usually of a smaller size than a man's. In battle, a fighter might have carried more than one kris; some carried three kris: his own, one from his father-in-law, and one as a family heirloom.

The extra two served as parrying daggers, but if none were available the sheath would serve the same purpose. Kris were often broken in battle and required repairs. Yearly cleanings, required as part of the spirituality and mythology surrounding the weapon, often left ancient blades worn and thin. The repair materials depended on location and it is quite usual to find a weapon with fittings from several areas. For example, a kris may have a blade from Java, a hilt from Bali and a sheath from Madura. In many parts of, the kris used to be the choice weapon for execution [ ]. The executioner's kris had a long, straight, slender blade.

The condemned knelt before the executioner, who placed a wad of cotton or similar material on the subject's shoulder or clavicle area. The blade was thrust through the padding, piercing the and the heart. Upon withdrawal, the cotton wiped the blade clean. Death came within seconds. A lithograph depiction of kris blacksmith in Java, circa 1854. In the 16th century, European colonial power introduced into the archipelago that contribute to the decline of kris' prominence as the weapon of choice in battle. The forging of the edged weapons went into decline from the moment that the sultans or rajas were subjugated and their realms annexed by the British or colonial state.

In number of regions, a ban was placed on carrying of cutting and stabbing weapons. In Java, the turning point was the end of the five-year-long when the rebellious was defeated and detained, and had to hand his kris over to the Dutch in 1830. This event marked the disarmament of the kris as a combat weapon among the Javanese populace. Its ceremonial function, however, as part of traditional costumes, as sacred heirloom and as a protective personal amulet, remains. The early 20th century saw the decline of kris forging as carrying edged weapons was banned in the Dutch East Indies.

However its spiritual and ceremonial function still continues and is celebrated mainly in and (courts) throughout Indonesia, Malaysia and the Muslim-inhabited parts of the southern Philippines. However, the kris saw continuous use and forging in the, which comprised most of the. While the majority of the natives and locals in the archipelago accepted, the Muslims of the southern regions fiercely resisted Spanish rule. The kris provided the Muslim armies with their counterpart to the Spanish weaponry and it became an alarming concern for the Spanish armies. Kris-forgers and swordsmen were referred to as by the Spanish.

Juramentados practice a ritual of sacrifice, a form of Jihad against not only Spanish soldiers, but also against Christian Filipinos alike. Juramentados were specially-trained and chosen fighters. Candidates were known as mag-sabil or 'who endure the pangs of death'. These had their parents consulted, and the Sultan would permit them to undergo the training for Parang-sabil or the 'path to Heaven'. During the, the death of American soldiers at the hands of kris-wielding Moros and other Filipinos armed with blades led to the creation and use of the.

During World War II, the kris were accompanied by other Moro swords such as in the insurgency movement against Japanese occupation. Kris today [ ]. Kris worn by guard. In Java, the traditional art of kris-making is preserved in the Javanese culture heartland, the (royal court) of and, and also the princedom of and. The Javanese kings and nobles of these courts are known to employ some kris blacksmiths ( empu) and become the patrons of their works, although the activity of kris-making is declining. Until the 1990s, kris-making activities in Java had almost come to a standstill due to economic difficulties and changing socio-cultural values.

However, thanks to several concerned kris experts, the tradition is being revived and kris craftsmanship has increased again. Over the past three decades, kris have lost their prominent social and spiritual meaning in society.

Although active and honoured smiths who produce high quality kris in the traditional way can still be found in some places such as Madura, Surakarta, Yogyakarta, Makassar and Palembang, their number is dramatically decreasing, and it is more difficult for them to find successors to whom they may transmit their skills. The traditional kris-making industry still survives in some villages, such as Banyu Sumurup village in Imogiri subdistrict,, Yogyakarta, either specially made as a sacred amulet ordered by a kris enthusiast who seeks its spiritual power, or merely as souvenirs for tourists.

Kris made in the Philippines are often in variants, with half-wavy half-straight blades. It has become an essential and symbolic weapon to culture, much as it is associated with cultures. Description [ ] A kris's aesthetic value covers the dhapur (the form and design of the blade, with around 150 variants), the pamor (the pattern of metal alloy decoration on the blade, with around 60 variants), and tangguh referring to the age and origin of a kris. A decorative kris with a figure of as the handle. The blade has thirteen luk. The kris blade is called a wilah or bilah.

Kris blades are usually narrow with a wide, asymmetrical base. The kris is famous for its wavy blade; however, the older types of kris dated from the Majapahit era have straight blades, as do more than half of all kris prior to the modern era. The number of curves on the blade (known as luk or lok) is always odd.

Common numbers of luk range from three to thirteen waves, but some blades have up to 29. In contrast to the older straight type, most kris today have a wavy blade which is supposed to increase the severity of wounds inflicted upon a victim. According to traditional Javanese, kris contain all the intrinsic elements of nature: tirta (water), bayu (wind), agni (fire), bantolo (earth, but also interpreted as metal or wood which both come from the earth), and aku (lit: 'I' or 'me', meaning that the kris has a spirit or soul). All these elements are present during the forging of kris.

Earth is metal forged by fire being blown by pumped wind, and water to cool down the metal. In Bali, the kris is associated with the or dragon, which also symbolizes irrigation canals, rivers, springs, wells, spouts, waterfalls and rainbows; thus, the wavy blade symbolizes the movement of the serpent.

Some kris have the head of a naga (dragon) carved near the base with the body and tail following the curves of the blade to the tip. A wavy kris is thus a naga in motion, aggressive and alive; a straight blade is one at rest, its power dormant but ready to come into action. In former times, kris blades were said to be infused with poison during their forging, ensuring that any injury was fatal.

The process of doing so was kept secret among smiths. Different types of whetstones, acidic juice of citrus fruits and poisonous arsenic bring out the contrast between the dark black iron and the light colored silvery nickel layers which together form pamor, damascene patterns on the blade. The shiny nickelous pattern ( pamor) on dark iron background visible on kris' blade. The distinctive pamor patterns have specific meanings and names which indicate the mythical properties they are believed to impart.

There are around 60 variants of pamor recognized today in traditional kris blades. Some examples of pamor include beras wutah, udan mas, kembang kacang, kembang pala and ladrang cendana. The kris blade forging uses with a small content of to create this pattern. The faint pamor pattern has been found in the kris from Majapahit period, which was acquired from iron ores with small nickel content. Most probably this iron ore was imported from the island of, as the pamor Luwu from is quite well known in Sulawesi and Java.

The best material for creating pamor however, is acquired in a quite unusual way, as it is made from rare iron. Traditionally the pamor material for the kris smiths connected with the courts of Yogyakarta and Surakarta originates from an iron meteorite that fell to earth at the end of 18th century in the neighborhood of the temple complex. The meteorite was excavated and transported to the keraton of Surakarta; from that time on the smiths of Vorstenlanden (the Royal territories) used small pieces of meteoric iron to produce pamor patterns in their kris, pikes, and other status weapons.

After etching the blade with acidic substances, it is the small percentage of nickel present in meteoric iron that creates the distinctive silvery patterns that faintly light up against the dark background of iron or steel that become darkened by the effect of the acids. Hilt [ ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to.

Richly decorated Balinese kris hilt coated with gold, adorned with rubies. The handle or hilt ( hulu) is an object of art, often carved in meticulous details and made from various materials: precious rare types of wood to gold or ivory. They were often carved to resemble various animals and Hindu deities, although this became less common with the introduction of Islam. In Bali, kris handles are made to resemble demons coated in gold and adorned with semi precious and precious stones, such as rubies. In Java, kris handles are made in various types, the most common design being the abstract stylized representation of the human form.

Examples of hilt designs include Tunggak Semi Putri Kinurung hilt from Surakarta, Batara Guru and Pulasir hilt from Madura, Punukan hilt from Palembang, Ratmaja from Bali, Pulungan hilt from Cirebon, Pekaka hilt from Pattani, and a seabird-like hilt from Lampung and Sulawesi. The kris usually has a curved pistol-grip that aids in stabbing strikes. It allows the palm of the holding hand to add pressure to the blade while stabbing. A kris only offers minimal protection for the hand by the broad blade at the hilt.

Keris sheath of Ladrang Surakarta style. As with the hilt, a kris' ( warangka) is also an object of art. It can be made from various materials, usually a wooden frame to hold the blade which can be coated with metals such as brass, iron, silver, or even gold, usually carved in sulur floral motifs. The upper part of the sheath formed a broad curved handle made from wood or sometimes ivory. It could be adorned with precious or semi-precious stones. Forging [ ] The making of a kris was the specialised duty of metalworkers called empu (lit. 'possessor') or pandai besi (lit.

In Java the honorary title empu refer to those ironsmiths who possess the special skill of forging the kris. According to, a kris empu should possess knowledge, technical skills and also spiritual prowess, since kris are believed to have physical and spiritual presence.

This was meant to differentiate the masters from common pandai besi that mostly create common metal tools or peasant's weapons like. In old Majapahit, a kris bladesmith was referred to as pande and all were reputed to be able to work hot iron with their bare hands. The people of Majapahit would eventually flee to where the occupation has been preserved by the Pande clan to this day, members of whom also make jewellery. A bladesmith makes the blade in layers of different iron ores and meteorite nickel.

Some blades can be made in a relatively short time, while more intricate weapons take years to complete. In high quality kris blades, the metal is folded dozens or hundreds of times and handled with the utmost precision. Empu are highly respected craftsmen with additional knowledge in literature, history, and the occult. Cultural beliefs [ ]. Various ways of wearing kris in.

Kris were worn at special ceremonies, with heirloom blades being handed down through successive generations. Both men and women might wear them, though those for women are smaller. A rich spirituality and mythology developed around the weapon. Kris are used for display, as talismans with magical powers, weapons, sanctified heirloom, auxiliary equipment for court soldiers, as an accessory for ceremonial dress, an indicator of social status, a symbol of heroism, etc. In the kris is revered as tosan aji ( for 'sacred heirloom weapon') and considered a. The kris is believed to have the ability to infuse bravery upon its holder: this property is known as piyandel in Javanese which means 'to add self-confidence'. The pusaka kris or kris-tipped spear given by a Javanese king to nobles or his subjects, was meant to symbolize the king's confidence bestowed upon the receiver and is considered a great honor.

During the Javanese wedding ceremony, a kris is required to be adorned with chains of flower arrangement as an important part of Javanese groom's wedding costume. The addition of jasmine arrangement around the kris was meant as a symbol that a man should not easily be angry, cruel, fierce, too aggressive, tyrannical and abusive. Dance performance with kris-wielding dancers and in Bali.

Kris-makers did more than forge the weapon, they carried out the old rituals which could infuse the blade with mystical powers. For this reason, kris are considered almost alive because they may be vessels of spirits, either good or evil. Legends tell of kris that could move of their own volition and killed individuals at will. Some kris are rumored to stand upright when their real names are called by their masters. It was said that some kris helped prevent fires, death, agricultural failure, and many other problems. Likewise, they could also bring fortune, such as bountiful harvests. Many of these beliefs were derived from the possession of different kris by different people.

For example, there is a type of kris in Java that was called Beras Wutah, which was believed to grant its possessor an easy life without famine. This kris was mainly assigned to government officers who were paid, in whole or in part, with foodstuffs such as. There are several ways of testing whether a kris is lucky or not.

A series of cuts on a leaf, based on blade width and other factors, could determine if a blade was good or bad. Also, if the owner slept with the blade under their pillow, the spirit of the kris would communicate with the owner via dream. If the owner had a bad dream, the blade was unlucky and had to be discarded, whereas if the owner had a good dream the dagger would bring good fortune. However, just because a blade was bad for one person didn't mean it would be bad for another. Harmony between the weapon and its owner was critical. Because some kris are considered sacred and believed to possess magical powers, specific rites needed to be completed to avoid calling down evil fates which is the reason warriors often made offerings to their kris at a shrine. There is also the belief that pointing a kris at someone means they will die soon, so practitioners precede their demonstrations by touching the points of the blades to the ground so as to neutralise this effect.

In the of Bali there is a segment in which the villain magically enchants 's soldiers to commit suicide while another magician makes them invulnerable to sharp objects. In a state, the male dancers stab themselves in the chest with their own kris but remain unhurt. For more details on this topic, see. One of the most famous legends from comes from the (Book of Kings). It describes a legendary bladesmith called or Empu Gandring and his impatient customer,, in the last days of the in the 13th century. The customer ordered a powerful kris to kill the mighty chieftain of Tumapel, Tunggul Ametung.

Ken Arok eventually stabbed the old bladesmith to death because he kept delaying the scheduled completion of the kris. Dying, the bladesmith cursed the kris through prophecy that the unfinished or incomplete kris would kill seven men, including Ken Arok. Ken Arok used Mpu Gandring's cursed kris to assassinate Tunggul Ametung, cunningly put the blame to Kebo Ijo, and built a new kingdom of. The prophecy finally came true, with four men enlisted as the kris' first death roll, including Mpu Gandring himself, Tunggul Ametung, Kebo Ijo to whom Ken Arok lent the weapon, and finally Ken Arok himself.

The unfinished kris then disappeared. Another version of the tale describes that the kris passed to 's stepson which in turn killed his stepfather after recognized that his genuine father was killed by Ken Arok with the same kris. The bloody continued on and on until the reign of, the last king of Singosari Empire Kris Taming Sari [ ].

The Kris Taming Sari as seen third from the left, among the rest of the royal regalia, 1907. Taming Sari ('flower shield') is one of the most well-known kris in Malay literature, said to be so skilfully crafted that anyone wielding it was unbeatable. In some versions of the legend, the weapon would grant its user physical invulnerability. The legend took place sometime during the fall of and the rise of the in the 15th century. 's book, the, tells that it was made by a Javanese empu and first used by the champion of, a named Taming Sari. He was defeated in a duel to the death by the Melakan admiral, after which the king of Majapahit presented the weapon to the victor. After being framed by a jealous official, was ordered to be executed, but he managed to escape and go into hiding with the help of a minister who knew the truth.

Hang Tuah's kris and title of (admiral) were passed on to his comrade Hang Jebat. Furious that his best friend was unfairly put to death, Hang Jebat rebelled against the royalty and took over the palace. The desperate ruler of Melaka pardoned the minister so long as Hang Tuah could win him back the throne. Having trained under the same master since childhood the two friends were nearly equals but of the two, Tuah was the superior fighter. However, even after a long battle in the palace, neither could best the other because the Kris Taming Sari evened the odds. Only after taking his weapon back did Hang Tuah manage to stab Jebat, who died soon after. Kris Setan Kober [ ].

For more details on this topic, see. Another Javanese folk story tells of, the mighty viceroy ( adipati) of who was killed by his own kris called Setan Kober ('devil of the grave').

It was forged by Empu Bayu Aji in the kingdom of, and had 13 luk on its blade. Near its completion when the empu tried to infuse the weapon with spiritual power, he was disturbed by a crying demon () from the graveyard. As a result, although powerful, the kris had a temperamental evil nature that caused the wielder to be overly ambitious and impatient.

The story took place in the 16th century, during the fall of that had replaced Majapahit as the ruler of Java. Setan Kober was safely kept by, one of the nine Islamic saints of Java. However Sunan Prawoto, son of Prince Trenggana and grandson of, stole it and used it to assassinate his uncle Raden Kikin by the river. Since then, Raden Kikin is also referred to as Sekar Seda Lepen (flower that fell by the river). Raden Trenggana rose as a sultan and later after his death, was replaced by Sunan Prawoto.

Kikin's son, Arya Penangsang of Jipang with the help of his teacher, Sunan Kudus, took revenge by sending an assassin to kill Prawoto using the Setan Kober kris. Prawoto younger sister Ratu Kalinyamat seeks revenge on Penangsang, since Penangsang also murdered her husband. She urged her brother in-law, Hadiwijaya () the ruler of, to kill Arya Penangsang. Hadiwijaya sent his adopted son and also his son in-law, who would later become the first ruler of the dynasty.

During a battle, Sutawijaya stabbed Penangsang with Kyai Plered spear right in his gut. Arya Penangsang is bathing in his own blood, and his intestines were hanging from his open wounded stomach. However, because Arya Penangsang is a mighty fighter that possess aji or kesaktian (spiritual power), he keep fighting with an open wounded stomach.

He encircled his hanging intestines on his kris hilt, and continue to fight. When trying to attack his opponent, the reckless, fierce and impatience Panangsang pulled his Setan Kober off its sheath, foolishly cut his own intestines, and finally died. The Javanese tradition of putting garlands around the kris hilt, especially on groom's kris during the wedding ceremony, is said to originate from this tale. It is to symbolyze that the groom should not be reckless, easily get angry, impatient and abusive like Arya Panangsang. To replace the intestine, the kris is coiled with a floral of jasmine chain that resemble intestine. The jasmine is to symbolize sacredness, patience, grace, humility, kindness and benevolence, the qualities lack in Panangsang. However another source mentioned that actually Sutawijaya admired Penangsang's fighting spirits, still fighting although his intestine encircled around his kris.

Impressed by Penangsang's deed, later he command his male descendants to follow his step, adorned the kris with 'intestine' made from the chain of jasmine, as a symbol of bravery. The story of Arya Penangsang has inspired and performed as Javanese drama.

Kris as a symbol [ ] Throughout the archipelago, kris is a symbol of heroism, martial prowess, power and authority. As a cultural symbol, the meticulously decorated keris represent refinement, art and beauty, as the pride and prized possession for its owner; however, as a weapon it is associated with violence, death and bloodshed. Probably for this reason, although the kris is widespread in, it is not used to symbolise Javanese culture or royalty, as Javanese tradition promotes harmony and discourages direct confrontation (hence the absence of knives on Indonesian dinner tables).

This is also why the Javanese traditionally wear the kris on their back, to symbolize violence as the last resort. However, in other parts of archipelago, from Sumatra to the Malay Peninsula and to Sulawesi, the kris is worn on the front or left side on the hip. The kris is depicted on different flags, emblems, coats and logos such as those of the,, and. The former emblem of uses the kris to represent the southern territories. It can also be seen on an obverse copper-zinc-tin 1 coin with a pattern in the background. The 1 cent coin of 1962 also depicted a pair of crossed kris. Since the independence of Malaysia, the kris has become something of a symbol of.

It is still regarded by some as a symbol of, the doctrine of the Malay race as the dominant race at their homeland, and has been incorporated into the Sang Saka Bangsa, the official flag of the. In the, the kris (kalis) is a symbol of Moro and southern Filipino culture, and a resistance to Spanish rule and influence. It is incorporated into the flags of the and the. It has also been incorporated into the historical flags of the, as well as the emblem of the. Kris depicted in several emblems as a symbol: •.

The kris consists of three parts; blade ( wilah), hilt ( hulu) and sheath ( warangka) Type Place of origin, Service history In service,,,,,,,,,,, present day Used by (mainly & originally) * Also familiar to,,,,,,,,, Wars,,,,,,,,,, Production history Produced disputed (?) to present Variants Specifications type Double edged or type, bone, horn, wooden or metals. Sometimes coated with or and decorated with / Wooden frame covered and decorated with ivory or metals (gold, silver, copper, iron, brass, or steel) This article contains letters from the. Without proper, you may see instead of. The kris (ngoko: ꦏꦼꦫꦶꦱ꧀; krama inggil: ꦮꦁꦏꦶꦔꦤ꧀; ngoko: keris; krama; dhuwung; krama inggil: wangkingan, lit. 'to slice';: کريس,: กริช kris,: karih,: kalis; and: sele) is an asymmetrical dagger with distinctive blade-patterning achieved through alternating laminations of iron and nickelous iron ( pamor).

While most strongly associated with the the kris is also indigenous to,,, and the where it is known as with variants existing as a sword rather than a dagger. The kris is famous for its distinctive wavy blade, although many have straight blades as well. Kris have been produced in many regions of for centuries, but nowhere—although the island of comes close—is the kris so embedded in a mutually-connected whole of ritual prescriptions and acts, ceremonies, mythical backgrounds and epic poetry as in. As a result, in Indonesia the kris is commonly associated with, although other ethnicities are familiar with the weapon as part of their culture, such as the,,,,,,,, and. A kris can be divided into three parts: blade ( bilah or wilah), hilt ( hulu), and sheath ( warangka). These parts of the kris are objects of art, often carved in meticulous detail and made from various materials: metal, precious or rare types of wood, or gold or ivory. A kris's aesthetic value covers the dhapur (the form and design of the blade, with around 60 variants), the pamor (the pattern of metal alloy decoration on the blade, with around 250 variants), and tangguh referring to the age and origin of a kris.

Depending on the quality and historical value of the kris, it can fetch thousands of dollars or more. Both a weapon and spiritual object, kris are often considered to have an essence or presence, considered to possess magical powers, with some blades possessing good luck and others possessing bad. Kris are used for display, as with magical powers, weapons, a sanctified heirloom ( ), auxiliary equipment for court soldiers, an accessory for ceremonial dress, an indicator of social status, a symbol of heroism, etc.

Legendary kris that possess supernatural power and extraordinary ability were mentioned in traditional folktales, such as those of Empu Gandring,, and Setan Kober. In 2005, gave the title to the kris of Indonesia. In return, UNESCO urged Indonesia to preserve their heritage. Contents • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Etymology [ ] The word kris derives from the term ngiris (: ꦔꦶꦫꦶꦱ꧀) which means to slice, wedge or sliver.

'Kris' is the more frequently used spelling in the, but 'keris' is more popular in the dagger's native lands, as exemplified by the late Bambang Harsrinuksmo's popular book entitled Ensiklopedi Keris (Kris Encyclopedia). Two notable exceptions are the where it is usually called or kris, and where it is always spelled kris and pronounced either as kris or krit. In the dialect the word is kareh. Other spellings used by colonists include 'cryse', 'crise', 'criss', 'kriss' and 'creese.'

History [ ] Origin [ ]. Kris blacksmith's workshop depicted in 15th century. However, ' (1817) study of the states that the kris recognized today came into existence around 1361 AD in the kingdom of,.

The scene in bas relief of Sukuh Temple in, dated from 15th century Majapahit era, shows the workshop of a Javanese keris blacksmith, the scene depicted as the blacksmith on the left forging the metal, in the center, and on the right operating the piston bellows to blow air into the furnace. The wall behind the blacksmith displays various items manufactured in the forge, including kris, these representations of the kris in the Candi Sukuh established the fact that by the year 1437 the kris had already gained an important place within Javanese culture.

In —a record about 's expedition (1405–1433)— describes that 'all men in, from the king to commoners, from a boy aged three to elders, slipped pu-la-t'ou ( belati or more precisely kris dagger) in their belts. The daggers are made entirely of steel with intricate motifs smoothly drawn, the handles are made of gold, rhino's horn or ivory carved with a depiction of human or demon; the carving works are exquisite and skillfully made.' This Chinese account also reported that public execution by stabbing using this type of dagger is common. Majapahit knows no caning for major or minor punishment, they tied the guilty men's hands in the back with rattan rope and paraded them for a few paces, and then stabbed the offender one or two times in the back on the gap between the floating ribs, which resulted in severe bleeding and instant death. The exhibited at the Amsterdam Museum of the Tropics. Currently, the is the oldest known surviving kris in the world. Given to Charles Knaud, a Dutch physician, by in the 19th century Yogyakarta in Java, the kris is on display at the, Amsterdam, the kris bears the date of 1264 Saka (which correspondends to 1342 CE) in its iron blade.

Scientists suspect that due to its special features the kris might be even older, but was decorated during Majapahit period to celebrate an important event, the kris bears scenes from the on an unusual thin copper layer which partially covers it. Development and distribution [ ] Although the people of Southeast Asia were already familiar with this type of stabbing weapon, the development of the kris most probably took place in Java, Indonesia, the spread of the kris to other nations such as Thailand, Malaysia and the Philippines, experts say, was credited to the growing influence of the Empire in Java around the year 1492.

The canto XVII, a manuscript dated from Saka 1440 or 1518 AD, describes the kris as the weapon of kings, while the is the weapon of farmers. There exist claims of earlier forms predating the Majapahit kris but none are verifiable; in the past, the majority of kris had straight blades but this became less frequent over time., in the early 16th century, describes the importance of the kris to the Javanese. Every man in, whether he is rich or poor, must have a kris in his house.

And no man between the ages of 12 and 80 may go out of doors without a kris in his belt. They carry them at the back, as daggers used to be in Portugal.

—Tome Pires, Suma Oriental While it is commonly believed that kris were the primary weapons wielded by fighters in the past, they were actually carried by warriors as a secondary armament if they lost their main weapon, which was usually a spear, for commoners however, kris were worn on a daily basis, especially when travelling because it might be needed for self-defense. During times of peace, people wore kris as part of ceremonial attire. Ceremonial kris were often meticulously decorated with intricate carving in gold and precious stones. Heirloom blades were handed down through successive generations and worn during special events such as weddings and other ceremonies. Men usually wore only one kris but the famous admiral is said in the Hikayat Hang Tuah to have armed himself with one short and one long kris.

Women also wore kris, though usually of a smaller size than a man's; in battle, a fighter might have carried more than one kris; some carried three kris: his own, one from his father-in-law, and one as a family heirloom. The extra two served as parrying daggers, but if none were available the sheath would serve the same purpose. Kris were often broken in battle and required repairs. Yearly cleanings, required as part of the spirituality and mythology surrounding the weapon, often left ancient blades worn and thin, the repair materials depended on location and it is quite usual to find a weapon with fittings from several areas.

For example, a kris may have a blade from Java, a hilt from Bali and a sheath from Madura. In many parts of, the kris used to be the choice weapon for execution [ ]. The executioner's kris had a long, straight, slender blade, the condemned knelt before the executioner, who placed a wad of cotton or similar material on the subject's shoulder or clavicle area. The blade was thrust through the padding, piercing the and the heart. Upon withdrawal, the cotton wiped the blade clean.

Death came within seconds. A lithograph depiction of kris blacksmith in Java, circa 1854. In the 16th century, European colonial power introduced into the archipelago that contribute to the decline of kris' prominence as the weapon of choice in battle, the forging of the edged weapons went into decline from the moment that the sultans or rajas were subjugated and their realms annexed by the British or colonial state.

In number of regions, a ban was placed on carrying of cutting and stabbing weapons; in Java, the turning point was the end of the five-year-long when the rebellious was defeated and detained, and had to hand his kris over to the Dutch in 1830. This event marked the disarmament of the kris as a combat weapon among the Javanese populace, its ceremonial function, however, as part of traditional costumes, as sacred heirloom and as a protective personal amulet, remains. The early 20th century saw the decline of kris forging as carrying edged weapons was banned in the Dutch East Indies, however its spiritual and ceremonial function still continues and is celebrated mainly in and (courts) throughout Indonesia, Malaysia and the Muslim-inhabited parts of the southern Philippines. However, the kris saw continuous use and forging in the, which comprised most of the. While the majority of the natives and locals in the archipelago accepted, the Muslims of the southern regions fiercely resisted Spanish rule, the kris provided the Muslim armies with their counterpart to the Spanish weaponry and it became an alarming concern for the Spanish armies. Kris-forgers and swordsmen were referred to as by the Spanish.

Juramentados practice a ritual of sacrifice, a form of Jihad against not only Spanish soldiers, but also against Christian Filipinos alike. Juramentados were specially-trained and chosen fighters. Candidates were known as mag-sabil or 'who endure the pangs of death', these had their parents consulted, and the Sultan would permit them to undergo the training for Parang-sabil or the 'path to Heaven'. During the, the death of American soldiers at the hands of kris-wielding Moros and other Filipinos armed with blades led to the creation and use of the, during World War II, the kris were accompanied by other Moro swords such as in the insurgency movement against Japanese occupation.

Kris today [ ]. Kris worn by guard.

In Java, the traditional art of kris-making is preserved in the Javanese culture heartland, the (royal court) of and, and also the princedom of and. The Javanese kings and nobles of these courts are known to employ some kris blacksmiths ( empu) and become the patrons of their works, although the activity of kris-making is declining, until the 1990s, kris-making activities in Java had almost come to a standstill due to economic difficulties and changing socio-cultural values. However, thanks to several concerned kris experts, the tradition is being revived and kris craftsmanship has increased again. Over the past three decades, kris have lost their prominent social and spiritual meaning in society, although active and honoured smiths who produce high quality kris in the traditional way can still be found in some places such as Madura, Surakarta, Yogyakarta, Makassar and Palembang, their number is dramatically decreasing, and it is more difficult for them to find successors to whom they may transmit their skills.

The traditional kris-making industry still survives in some villages, such as Banyu Sumurup village in Imogiri subdistrict,, Yogyakarta, either specially made as a sacred amulet ordered by a kris enthusiast who seeks its spiritual power, or merely as souvenirs for tourists. Kris made in the Philippines are often in variants, with half-wavy half-straight blades, it has become an essential and symbolic weapon to culture, much as it is associated with cultures. Description [ ] A kris's aesthetic value covers the dhapur (the form and design of the blade, with around 150 variants), the pamor (the pattern of metal alloy decoration on the blade, with around 60 variants), and tangguh referring to the age and origin of a kris. A decorative kris with a figure of as the handle.

The blade has thirteen luk. The kris blade is called a wilah or bilah. Kris blades are usually narrow with a wide, asymmetrical base, the kris is famous for its wavy blade; however, the older types of kris dated from the Majapahit era have straight blades, as do more than half of all kris prior to the modern era. The number of curves on the blade (known as luk or lok) is always odd. Common numbers of luk range from three to thirteen waves, but some blades have up to 29; in contrast to the older straight type, most kris today have a wavy blade which is supposed to increase the severity of wounds inflicted upon a victim. According to traditional Javanese, kris contain all the intrinsic elements of nature: tirta (water), bayu (wind), agni (fire), bantolo (earth, but also interpreted as metal or wood which both come from the earth), and aku (lit: 'I' or 'me', meaning that the kris has a spirit or soul). All these elements are present during the forging of kris.

Earth is metal forged by fire being blown by pumped wind, and water to cool down the metal; in Bali, the kris is associated with the or dragon, which also symbolizes irrigation canals, rivers, springs, wells, spouts, waterfalls and rainbows; thus, the wavy blade symbolizes the movement of the serpent. Some kris have the head of a naga (dragon) carved near the base with the body and tail following the curves of the blade to the tip. A wavy kris is thus a naga in motion, aggressive and alive; a straight blade is one at rest, its power dormant but ready to come into action. In former times, kris blades were said to be infused with poison during their forging, ensuring that any injury was fatal, the process of doing so was kept secret among smiths.

English Guru In Urdu Pdf Book on this page. Different types of whetstones, acidic juice of citrus fruits and poisonous arsenic bring out the contrast between the dark black iron and the light colored silvery nickel layers which together form pamor, damascene patterns on the blade. The shiny nickelous pattern ( pamor) on dark iron background visible on kris' blade. The distinctive pamor patterns have specific meanings and names which indicate the mythical properties they are believed to impart.

There are around 60 variants of pamor recognized today in traditional kris blades, some examples of pamor include beras wutah, udan mas, kembang kacang, kembang pala and ladrang cendana. The kris blade forging uses with a small content of to create this pattern, the faint pamor pattern has been found in the kris from Majapahit period, which was acquired from iron ores with small nickel content.

Most probably this iron ore was imported from the island of, as the pamor Luwu from is quite well known in Sulawesi and Java. The best material for creating pamor however, is acquired in a quite unusual way, as it is made from rare iron. Traditionally the pamor material for the kris smiths connected with the courts of Yogyakarta and Surakarta originates from an iron meteorite that fell to earth at the end of 18th century in the neighborhood of the temple complex.

The meteorite was excavated and transported to the keraton of Surakarta; from that time on the smiths of Vorstenlanden (the Royal territories) used small pieces of meteoric iron to produce pamor patterns in their kris, pikes, and other status weapons. After etching the blade with acidic substances, it is the small percentage of nickel present in meteoric iron that creates the distinctive silvery patterns that faintly light up against the dark background of iron or steel that become darkened by the effect of the acids. Hilt [ ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to. Richly decorated Balinese kris hilt coated with gold, adorned with rubies. The handle or hilt ( hulu) is an object of art, often carved in meticulous details and made from various materials: precious rare types of wood to gold or ivory, they were often carved to resemble various animals and Hindu deities, although this became less common with the introduction of Islam. In Bali, kris handles are made to resemble demons coated in gold and adorned with semi precious and precious stones, such as rubies; in Java, kris handles are made in various types, the most common design being the abstract stylized representation of the human form. Examples of hilt designs include Tunggak Semi Putri Kinurung hilt from Surakarta, Batara Guru and Pulasir hilt from Madura, Punukan hilt from Palembang, Ratmaja from Bali, Pulungan hilt from Cirebon, Pekaka hilt from Pattani, and a seabird-like hilt from Lampung and Sulawesi, the kris usually has a curved pistol-grip that aids in stabbing strikes.

It allows the palm of the holding hand to add pressure to the blade while stabbing. A kris only offers minimal protection for the hand by the broad blade at the hilt. Keris sheath of Ladrang Surakarta style. As with the hilt, a kris' ( warangka) is also an object of art, it can be made from various materials, usually a wooden frame to hold the blade which can be coated with metals such as brass, iron, silver, or even gold, usually carved in sulur floral motifs. The upper part of the sheath formed a broad curved handle made from wood or sometimes ivory, it could be adorned with precious or semi-precious stones. Forging [ ] The making of a kris was the specialised duty of metalworkers called empu (lit. 'possessor') or pandai besi (lit.

In Java the honorary title empu refer to those ironsmiths who possess the special skill of forging the kris. According to, a kris empu should possess knowledge, technical skills and also spiritual prowess, since kris are believed to have physical and spiritual presence, this was meant to differentiate the masters from common pandai besi that mostly create common metal tools or peasant's weapons like. In old Majapahit, a kris bladesmith was referred to as pande and all were reputed to be able to work hot iron with their bare hands, the people of Majapahit would eventually flee to where the occupation has been preserved by the Pande clan to this day, members of whom also make jewellery. A bladesmith makes the blade in layers of different iron ores and meteorite nickel, some blades can be made in a relatively short time, while more intricate weapons take years to complete. In high quality kris blades, the metal is folded dozens or hundreds of times and handled with the utmost precision. Empu are highly respected craftsmen with additional knowledge in literature, history, and the occult.

Cultural beliefs [ ]. Various ways of wearing kris in. Kris were worn at special ceremonies, with heirloom blades being handed down through successive generations. Both men and women might wear them, though those for women are smaller. A rich spirituality and mythology developed around the weapon.

Kris are used for display, as talismans with magical powers, weapons, sanctified heirloom, auxiliary equipment for court soldiers, as an accessory for ceremonial dress, an indicator of social status, a symbol of heroism, etc. In the kris is revered as tosan aji ( for 'sacred heirloom weapon') and considered a. The kris is believed to have the ability to infuse bravery upon its holder: this property is known as piyandel in Javanese which means 'to add self-confidence', the pusaka kris or kris-tipped spear given by a Javanese king to nobles or his subjects, was meant to symbolize the king's confidence bestowed upon the receiver and is considered a great honor.

During the Javanese wedding ceremony, a kris is required to be adorned with chains of flower arrangement as an important part of Javanese groom's wedding costume, the addition of jasmine arrangement around the kris was meant as a symbol that a man should not easily be angry, cruel, fierce, too aggressive, tyrannical and abusive. Dance performance with kris-wielding dancers and in Bali. Kris-makers did more than forge the weapon, they carried out the old rituals which could infuse the blade with mystical powers, for this reason, kris are considered almost alive because they may be vessels of spirits, either good or evil. Legends tell of kris that could move of their own volition and killed individuals at will, some kris are rumored to stand upright when their real names are called by their masters. It was said that some kris helped prevent fires, death, agricultural failure, and many other problems.

Likewise, they could also bring fortune, such as bountiful harvests. Many of these beliefs were derived from the possession of different kris by different people, for example, there is a type of kris in Java that was called Beras Wutah, which was believed to grant its possessor an easy life without famine. This kris was mainly assigned to government officers who were paid, in whole or in part, with foodstuffs such as.

There are several ways of testing whether a kris is lucky or not. A series of cuts on a leaf, based on blade width and other factors, could determine if a blade was good or bad. Also, if the owner slept with the blade under their pillow, the spirit of the kris would communicate with the owner via dream. If the owner had a bad dream, the blade was unlucky and had to be discarded, whereas if the owner had a good dream the dagger would bring good fortune.

However, just because a blade was bad for one person didn't mean it would be bad for another. Harmony between the weapon and its owner was critical. Because some kris are considered sacred and believed to possess magical powers, specific rites needed to be completed to avoid calling down evil fates which is the reason warriors often made offerings to their kris at a shrine. There is also the belief that pointing a kris at someone means they will die soon, so practitioners precede their demonstrations by touching the points of the blades to the ground so as to neutralise this effect. In the of Bali there is a segment in which the villain magically enchants 's soldiers to commit suicide while another magician makes them invulnerable to sharp objects.

In a state, the male dancers stab themselves in the chest with their own kris but remain unhurt. For more details on this topic, see. One of the most famous legends from comes from the (Book of Kings), it describes a legendary bladesmith called or Empu Gandring and his impatient customer,, in the last days of the in the 13th century. The customer ordered a powerful kris to kill the mighty chieftain of Tumapel, Tunggul Ametung.

Ken Arok eventually stabbed the old bladesmith to death because he kept delaying the scheduled completion of the kris. Dying, the bladesmith cursed the kris through prophecy that the unfinished or incomplete kris would kill seven men, including Ken Arok. Ken Arok used Mpu Gandring's cursed kris to assassinate Tunggul Ametung, cunningly put the blame to Kebo Ijo, and built a new kingdom of, the prophecy finally came true, with four men enlisted as the kris' first death roll, including Mpu Gandring himself, Tunggul Ametung, Kebo Ijo to whom Ken Arok lent the weapon, and finally Ken Arok himself. The unfinished kris then disappeared.

Another version of the tale describes that the kris passed to 's stepson which in turn killed his stepfather after recognized that his genuine father was killed by Ken Arok with the same kris, the bloody continued on and on until the reign of, the last king of Singosari Empire Kris Taming Sari [ ]. The Kris Taming Sari as seen third from the left, among the rest of the royal regalia, 1907. Taming Sari ('flower shield') is one of the most well-known kris in Malay literature, said to be so skilfully crafted that anyone wielding it was unbeatable; in some versions of the legend, the weapon would grant its user physical invulnerability. The legend took place sometime during the fall of and the rise of the in the 15th century. 's book, the, tells that it was made by a Javanese empu and first used by the champion of, a named Taming Sari.

He was defeated in a duel to the death by the Melakan admiral, after which the king of Majapahit presented the weapon to the victor. After being framed by a jealous official, was ordered to be executed, but he managed to escape and go into hiding with the help of a minister who knew the truth. Hang Tuah's kris and title of (admiral) were passed on to his comrade Hang Jebat. Furious that his best friend was unfairly put to death, Hang Jebat rebelled against the royalty and took over the palace, the desperate ruler of Melaka pardoned the minister so long as Hang Tuah could win him back the throne. Having trained under the same master since childhood the two friends were nearly equals but of the two, Tuah was the superior fighter. However, even after a long battle in the palace, neither could best the other because the Kris Taming Sari evened the odds. Only after taking his weapon back did Hang Tuah manage to stab Jebat, who died soon after.

Kris Setan Kober [ ]. For more details on this topic, see. Another Javanese folk story tells of, the mighty viceroy ( adipati) of who was killed by his own kris called Setan Kober ('devil of the grave'). It was forged by Empu Bayu Aji in the kingdom of, and had 13 luk on its blade, near its completion when the empu tried to infuse the weapon with spiritual power, he was disturbed by a crying demon () from the graveyard.

As a result, although powerful, the kris had a temperamental evil nature that caused the wielder to be overly ambitious and impatient. The story took place in the 16th century, during the fall of that had replaced Majapahit as the ruler of Java. Setan Kober was safely kept by, one of the nine Islamic saints of Java, however Sunan Prawoto, son of Prince Trenggana and grandson of, stole it and used it to assassinate his uncle Raden Kikin by the river. Since then, Raden Kikin is also referred to as Sekar Seda Lepen (flower that fell by the river).

Raden Trenggana rose as a sultan and later after his death, was replaced by Sunan Prawoto. Kikin's son, Arya Penangsang of Jipang with the help of his teacher, Sunan Kudus, took revenge by sending an assassin to kill Prawoto using the Setan Kober kris. Prawoto younger sister Ratu Kalinyamat seeks revenge on Penangsang, since Penangsang also murdered her husband, she urged her brother in-law, Hadiwijaya () the ruler of, to kill Arya Penangsang.

Hadiwijaya sent his adopted son and also his son in-law, who would later become the first ruler of the dynasty. During a battle, Sutawijaya stabbed Penangsang with Kyai Plered spear right in his gut. Arya Penangsang is bathing in his own blood, and his intestines were hanging from his open wounded stomach. However, because Arya Penangsang is a mighty fighter that possess aji or kesaktian (spiritual power), he keep fighting with an open wounded stomach, he encircled his hanging intestines on his kris hilt, and continue to fight.

When trying to attack his opponent, the reckless, fierce and impatience Panangsang pulled his Setan Kober off its sheath, foolishly cut his own intestines, and finally died. The Javanese tradition of putting garlands around the kris hilt, especially on groom's kris during the wedding ceremony, is said to originate from this tale, it is to symbolyze that the groom should not be reckless, easily get angry, impatient and abusive like Arya Panangsang. To replace the intestine, the kris is coiled with a floral of jasmine chain that resemble intestine, the jasmine is to symbolize sacredness, patience, grace, humility, kindness and benevolence, the qualities lack in Panangsang. However another source mentioned that actually Sutawijaya admired Penangsang's fighting spirits, still fighting although his intestine encircled around his kris. Impressed by Penangsang's deed, later he command his male descendants to follow his step, adorned the kris with 'intestine' made from the chain of jasmine, as a symbol of bravery, the story of Arya Penangsang has inspired and performed as Javanese drama. Kris as a symbol [ ] Throughout the archipelago, kris is a symbol of heroism, martial prowess, power and authority, as a cultural symbol, the meticulously decorated keris represent refinement, art and beauty, as the pride and prized possession for its owner; however, as a weapon it is associated with violence, death and bloodshed. Probably for this reason, although the kris is widespread in, it is not used to symbolise Javanese culture or royalty, as Javanese tradition promotes harmony and discourages direct confrontation (hence the absence of knives on Indonesian dinner tables), this is also why the Javanese traditionally wear the kris on their back, to symbolize violence as the last resort.

However, in other parts of archipelago, from Sumatra to the Malay Peninsula and to Sulawesi, the kris is worn on the front or left side on the hip. The kris is depicted on different flags, emblems, coats and logos such as those of the,, and. The former emblem of uses the kris to represent the southern territories, it can also be seen on an obverse copper-zinc-tin 1 coin with a pattern in the background. The 1 cent coin of 1962 also depicted a pair of crossed kris. Since the independence of Malaysia, the kris has become something of a symbol of, it is still regarded by some as a symbol of, the doctrine of the Malay race as the dominant race at their homeland, and has been incorporated into the Sang Saka Bangsa, the official flag of the. In the, the kris (kalis) is a symbol of Moro and southern Filipino culture, and a resistance to Spanish rule and influence, it is incorporated into the flags of the and the.

It has also been incorporated into the historical flags of the, as well as the emblem of the. Kris depicted in several emblems as a symbol: •.